自由的忠诚 [美] 安娜·史蒂茨 2017
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书名:自由的忠诚
副标题:
作者:[美] 安娜·史蒂茨
出版社:三辉图书/中央编译出版社
ISBN:9787511733283
出版时间:2017
页数:336
定价:48.00
内容简介: 【内容简介】 借用生动真实的日常情境,援引康德、卢梭和哈贝马斯,史蒂茨引人入胜地论述了:平等自由的价值只能通过合法的国家权威来实现,公民对正义的国家有政治义务,且应将普遍的正义原则,而非民族文化,视作效忠国家、团结同国同胞的理由。本书充满原创性地构想了一种开放的公民身份,主张将正义的国家看作以实现普遍价值为目标、如交响乐团般的日常团体,而民主政治应是实践普遍价值的集体行动。 《自由的忠诚》这部前沿著作为当下每个人所面临的关于正义与忠诚的选择提供了指导。 ··· ◆我们应该对怎样的国家保持忠诚?作为公民,我们对国家有何种义务?我们应以怎样的方式参与政治? ◆我们可能跳脱世界主义与民族主义的局限,构建出一套完整的自由主义国家观念吗? ◆为每个怀抱理性的公民而写,为每个在正义与忠诚之间抉择的独立个体而作 ··· 【学者及媒体推荐】 存在有力的自由主义立场来... 【内容简介】 借用生动真实的日常情境,援引康德、卢梭和哈贝马斯,史蒂茨引人入胜地论述了:平等自由的价值只能通过合法的国家权威来实现,公民对正义的国家有政治义务,且应将普遍的正义原则,而非民族文化,视作效忠国家、团结同国同胞的理由。本书充满原创性地构想了一种开放的公民身份,主张将正义的国家看作以实现普遍价值为目标、如交响乐团般的日常团体,而民主政治应是实践普遍价值的集体行动。 《自由的忠诚》这部前沿著作为当下每个人所面临的关于正义与忠诚的选择提供了指导。 ··· ◆我们应该对怎样的国家保持忠诚?作为公民,我们对国家有何种义务?我们应以怎样的方式参与政治? ◆我们可能跳脱世界主义与民族主义的局限,构建出一套完整的自由主义国家观念吗? ◆为每个怀抱理性的公民而写,为每个在正义与忠诚之间抉择的独立个体而作 ··· 【学者及媒体推荐】 存在有力的自由主义立场来重视国家权威吗?单是公民权的政治事实能够作为民主国家中团结的基础吗?史蒂茨极好地表明了,这两个问题应该一起问,而她的回答独特、极具想象力且论述有力。 ——帕琴·马克尔,芝加哥大学 · 这是一部行文清晰、论证严密和异常理智的著作。史蒂茨将诸如忠诚和义务的概念从学术界民族主义者的手中拯救了出来,并对其进行了改造,使之为世界主义者和自由主义的普遍主义者所用。就此,她已经在政治哲学和政治理论领域做出了杰出贡献。她的著作为民主理论、全球正义和自由事业本身的道德基础都提供了宝贵的洞见。 ——迈克尔·布莱克,华盛顿大学 · 史蒂茨的杰出之处在于为团结这一在大多数自由主义构想中缺席的价值,提供了一个全新的概念,并且这种团结是建基于一种具有集体意愿的个人主义理论上。 ——约翰·费雷约翰,斯坦福大学 · 史蒂茨为一个当代政治思想中的关键问题找到了一个新鲜的解决方法。她充满原创性地捍卫了宪政爱国主义的理念,强烈地批判了自由主义的民族主义。 ——扬-维尔纳·米勒,普林斯顿大学 · 自由主义是否只剩下一种令人厌恶的文化民族主义,或者一种浮动的世界主义?自由主义者能否基于公民对特定国家保持忠诚做出自洽的自由主义论述?史蒂茨有力地证明了他们可以。史蒂茨巧妙地揭露了世界主义者和民族主义的自由主义者所存在的问题,有效地驳斥了有自由倾向的无政府主义者,她从康德、卢梭和哈贝马斯处寻取灵感,提出,自由主义者应将忠诚设想为一种政治责任,支持促进自由主义自由的制度。 ——《选择》 · 史蒂茨非常清晰、逻辑自洽地提出了一个用以替代政治义务和民族主义的同意理论。这个替代理论将获得许多的支持者,并值得我们甚至它的批评者的严肃对待。 ——蕾雅·衣匹,《圣母哲学评论》 ··· 【编辑推荐】 1、作为当今政治哲学界的前沿著作,本书为一些古老的、关于政治义务的问题提供了颇具启发且新颖的回答,作者主张把国家看作拥有共同目标的日常团体,呼吁让国家更接近“俱乐部”的功能,使读者思考现存国家运作模式中存在的问题。 2、作者援引康德、卢梭和哈贝马斯,论及国家道德重要性、公民认同、宪政爱国主义等,并以交响乐团、棒球队等情境类比,论述深入浅出,可读性强。 3、本书为中国读者提供了一次重新认识自由主义的机会。在作者笔下,自由主义并不一定刻意避讳国家问题,或只关注对国家权力的限制。自由主义不仅可以对国家问题做出一个明确回答,而且能够去肯定正义国家的积极职能。 【作者简介】 安娜·史蒂茨(Anna Stilz) 哈佛大学政府学博士,现为普林斯顿大学政治学系和人类价值研究中心劳伦斯·S. 洛克菲勒教授。她的研究关注包括政治隶属,权威与政治义务,民族主义和民族自决,土地与领土的权利等问题。 ··· 【译者简介】 童志超,关注当代政治理论议题,在芝加哥大学出版社学术刊物《美国政治思想》(American Political Thought)中有英文学术论文发表。 顾纯,南京大学英文系学士,牛津大学布拉瓦尼克政府学院公共政策专业硕士。 当世界主义成为一种时髦时,我们如何为忠诚于自己的国家或支持喜爱的球队辩护?当民族主义者诉诸民族文化来论证相比南半球人民的饥饿,我们对本国人民的饥饿更有义务时,我们如何驳斥?为什么我们对弱势群体有义务?如何论证小粉红和吴京之流是傻逼和流氓?一份强大的微博撕逼理论指南献给大家。 理想化的人的自由……正义忠诚都是空中楼阁。我越来越觉得人的自由就是…呃……什么……反正自由主义国家观,什么的感觉很理想 条分缕析,逻辑推演丝丝入扣,很喜欢作者这种务实的学术风格,以及译文真的蛮好,基本解决了学术书长句套长句的可怕局面。最重要的是,这本书揭露了今天这个以倒车为荣的时代的虚伪和败坏。 对世界主义、民族主义、宪政爱国主义进行有力的批判,从康德-卢梭式的传统国家观点出发,为自由主义公民身体辩护。什么样的国家才是正义的?我们为什么要承担政治义务(以及政治义务的界限在哪里)? 为了实现个体间作为独立的平等自由,我们需要建立一个合法的民主机构——国家,即共享意图的民主立法实践,同时公民基于正义的自然义务,应当践行对特定的合法的民主国家的政治义务,并为之做出贡献。 作者论证的结构很清晰,很... 对世界主义、民族主义、宪政爱国主义进行有力的批判,从康德-卢梭式的传统国家观点出发,为自由主义公民身体辩护。什么样的国家才是正义的?我们为什么要承担政治义务(以及政治义务的界限在哪里)? 为了实现个体间作为独立的平等自由,我们需要建立一个合法的民主机构——国家,即共享意图的民主立法实践,同时公民基于正义的自然义务,应当践行对特定的合法的民主国家的政治义务,并为之做出贡献。 作者论证的结构很清晰,很严谨的政治哲学书,循序渐进,还有翻译也不错。 理想化的人的自由……正义忠诚都是空中楼阁。我越来越觉得人的自由就是…呃……什么……反正自由主义国家观,什么的感觉很理想 对世界主义、民族主义、宪政爱国主义进行有力的批判,从康德-卢梭式的传统国家观点出发,为自由主义公民身体辩护。什么样的国家才是正义的?我们为什么要承担政治义务(以及政治义务的界限在哪里)? 为了实现个体间作为独立的平等自由,我们需要建立一个合法的民主机构——国家,即共享意图的民主立法实践,同时公民基于正义的自然义务,应当践行对特定的合法的民主国家的政治义务,并为之做出贡献。 作者论证的结构很清晰,很... 对世界主义、民族主义、宪政爱国主义进行有力的批判,从康德-卢梭式的传统国家观点出发,为自由主义公民身体辩护。什么样的国家才是正义的?我们为什么要承担政治义务(以及政治义务的界限在哪里)? 为了实现个体间作为独立的平等自由,我们需要建立一个合法的民主机构——国家,即共享意图的民主立法实践,同时公民基于正义的自然义务,应当践行对特定的合法的民主国家的政治义务,并为之做出贡献。 作者论证的结构很清晰,很严谨的政治哲学书,循序渐进,还有翻译也不错。 论证自由主义不需要凭借其他道德 仅仅在自由平等价值观的基础上 从而形成一套道德义务 关于“忠诚”,在汉语中的基本释义似乎很简明(“尽心竭力,忠诚无私”云云),也不知从什么时候开始,对此释义的“理解”变成了喊政治口号,在这样语境中的“忠诚”,当然也就没有了语义与思想之间的讨论空间。在日常生活中,“忠诚”在婚姻、爱情的语境中出现的频率比较高,... 额,短评字数限制,本来想简单写写算了,可是一不小心还是超了。索性重新贴在这里吧。。。 作者为普林斯顿政治学教授,三辉似乎出了不少普林斯顿的作品? 本书的主旨,是要论证自由主义不需要凭借其他道德价值,而是仅仅在自由平等价值观的基础上,就可以形成一套道德义务,从... http://mp.weixin.qq.com/s? __biz=MzA5MTM1OTkwNA== mid=203561246 idx=1 sn=15d325444a43b401ed2aabbff4114faa key=8ea74966bf01cfb62597677cf68ca8164d345a55fc1d58757afdb85cf8872375cdd4230a963568e1054 c07a00b653968 ascene=7 uin=MTM2NTQ2NjYzNg%3D%3D devicetype=an... “平等自由(Equal freedom)与国家”是第一部分的标题。在这一部分,作者所要解决的问题是:如何从自由主义的角度为特殊性假定辩护(The Particularity Assumption)。所谓特殊性假定,指的是: a special bond or obligation that ties the citizen or resident to her state, and to her compatriots, and not to others, and requires her to support these people and these institutions and not others.(P6* 原书页码,... 2018-03-18 13:11  3人喜欢 “平等自由(Equal freedom)与国家”是第一部分的标题。在这一部分,作者所要解决的问题是:如何从自由主义的角度为特殊性假定辩护(The Particularity Assumption)。所谓特殊性假定,指的是:a special bond or obligation that ties the citizen or resident to her state, and to her compatriots, and not to others, and requires her to support these people and these institutions and not others.(P6* 原书页码,下同)这一观点受到了普世主义者的挑战,他们认为,我们所拥有的自由平等权利,不会国别、种族、区域而受限;国家的界限并不构成对正义的限制。我们生为哪国哪族人,仅仅是一个原始事实(brute fact),并不具备任何道德意义,因此,强调对特定群体的特殊义务就意味着在人与人之间任意做出区别。自由主义的民族主义者虽然提出了辩护,但是这种辩护在作者看来并不是一个真正的自由主义辩护。作者指出:On the one hand, they could concede (with the cosmopolitans) that the moral principles on which liberalism is based should apply globally to all individuals, without reference to their geographical location, and therefore that special obligations to our own states and compatriots are in fact morally unjustifiable. This would save the liberal claim to moral universalism, but at the expense of adopting the cosmopolitan position. On the other hand, traditional liberals could admit that democratic institutions tacitly presuppose a cultural nation, which provides the real demarcating criterion for who may and who may not belong, and defines the group of persons to whom we have political obligations. This would save the particularity assumption, but at the expense of betraying liberal universalist background principles.(P19)而她所要做的,就是基于康德和卢梭的理论,为特殊性假定做出辩护。辩护主要分为两个部分,一是权威(Authority),来回应无政府主义者/普遍主义者的挑战;二是民主,即用卢梭的观点来解决康德的国家理论所不能弥补的问题。【1】Authority这一部分内容的线索是是由对西蒙斯(Simmons)的批判而展开的。基于一种洛克式的权利观点,西蒙斯指出,就个人财产的确认来说,个人没必要非得进入国家;国家就如同一个保险公司,它固然能够很好地维护你的利益,但这并不意味着你就一定要接受这笔保险。Because he thinks that human beings would be equally free without the state, simply by acting on their duties of interpersonal morality, Simmons believes there is only one morally acceptable way in which such states might come to have the rights to direct and coerce them characteristic of political authority: namely, through the voluntary consent of these individuals.……Simmons rejects any appeal to the brute fact of our membership in certain institutional schemes as a justification for our having obligations to those schemes. “Since being born into a political community is neither an act we perform, nor the result of a decision we have made,” argues Simmons, “we feel that this should not limit our freedom by automatically binding us to the government of that community.”(P30)如此一来,我们自然也就没有必要承担对国家的义务。但作者认为,保险公司的比喻是不恰当的。她所要确立的观点是:equal freedom cannot be defined or made determinate without state authority, and therefore that justice, when rightly understood, must commit us to accepting the authority of legitimate states.(P28)而作者的给出的论述大致概括如下:1) 基本预设:equal freedom synonymously with justice:2) 基本区分:康德和西蒙斯都认可独立自由(freedom as independence);To be free-as-independent, as all these thinkers conceive it, is not to be forced to obey the will of another person; it is to enjoy a sphere of independent self-government within which others cannot interfere. This notion of freedom is thus particularly concerned with the relationships between persons.(P37)康德进而区分了两种自由,内在的形而上的自由(internal or metaphysical freedom)和外在自由(external freedom defined by the individual’s capacity to set and pursue ends in the outside world, by acting)。在此基础之上,康德又分出两种不同的权利,与生俱来的内在权利和必须获得的外在权利(rights that belong to us innately and those we must acquire)。有三种既得权利(acquired rights),而三种权利都是由国家确保的。3)私人之间所确立的财产权利必然会损害独立自由;权利的确定必须是客观的,不能基于主观解读。在自然状态下,私人权利的确立离不开个人对权利的解读— 个人的单方解读意味着,在双方有冲突时,一个人必须要服从于另一个人的权威— 服从的结果:损害每个个体作为主体平等自由个人的独立性/不服从的结果:靠武力化解— 因此,权利必须诉诸公法裁决。4)我们在道德上有必要进入国家。Since our natural duties to others already require us to respect their freedom as independence, and since, because of the problems of unilateral private interpretation and enforcement, the state is necessary for that purpose, we have a natural duty to enter the state.(54)5) 更进一步,Justice is a necessarily institutional value.Justice, as we have seen, could not possibly be secured by our private actions, even if we act in good faith and try to carry out our moral duties. This is because no matter how benevolent and well disposed human beings are, the structure of an extra-institutional situation always gives other persons a form of coercive private control over us that is in contradiction to freedom, since others retain the power to interfere with our choices unilaterally and at will.(P56)【2】Democracy然而,如果我们认可了国家在道德上的重要性,接受了它作为我们的政治权威,那么我们希望这个权威能够保障我们基本的自由权利不受损害;如果这个国家不是一个自由民主的国家,根本无从保障我们的自由与平等,我们为何要负有对其忠诚的义务呢?作者认为,康德的理论并没有解决好这个问题,但这一问题可以诉诸卢梭的社会契约论。也就是说,如果我们要接受一个政治权威,那么就一定接受一个能够保障自由平等的权威——这个权威能够为自由划出界限但并不支配我们,不会剥夺我们的自由人格;卢梭的公意就是这样一种权威。接下来,作者通过对公意、公共利益、交出自由权利等社会契约论中的经典问题的论述,来阐述我们如何能够寻找到一个合法的政治权威。实际上,对于这一点,可以直接跳回到卢梭在《社会契约论》中的论述上去:为什么公共意志永远正确。【3】Political Obligation and Justice在这一章中,作者先重申了前两章的观点,紧接着进入一个具体问题的讨论。如果我们按照卢梭的观点,只接受一个合法权威,那么在现实中,我们如何判断这个政治权威是否合法呢?首先,无论是Raz或是Hobbes都提到了一个观点,即使政治权威在某些方面出现了错误,也不影响到它继续发挥作用——除非,它已经破坏了最低限度。If it requires anything, it must require at least these minimal guarantees.(P91)那么这些最低标准包括那些呢?I think it is best to see bodily inviolability; property; freedom of conscience, movement, and expression; equal treatment before the law; and subsistence as minimal “Kantian” criteria for the guarantee of our equal right to freedom as independence. No state that does not meet at least these conditions is reasonably interpretable as a freedom-guaranteeing state, simply because its laws do not guarantee even the “core” content of equal freedom.(P93)……Rousseau goes beyond Kant, however, in adding a set of procedural requirements on legitimacy: he says that any just state must be a democratic state, since only a democratic state can impose laws in a nondominating way, and without subjecting us to the private will of another. …Citizens in general must be disposed to manifest a concern with the freedom and well-being of all their compatriots, and not simply with a partial subset of the citizenry, if the laws they produce are to be legitimate.(P94)——关于全球正义的部分,略。 这是第二部分的标题,忠诚(Solidarity)与团结 (Allegiance)。这一部分中,作者所要回应的问题是:在一部分人看来,单靠正义就能够使得公民对自身所属的国家或同胞产生特定的义务(有别对一切正义国家的一般义务),这一点是存疑的。因而,自由主义的民族主义做出了这样一种论断,即为了这种特别的忠诚,公民之间需要文化认同来维系团结,而这弥补了正义的缺憾。而作者所要批评的就是这种论断。 而作为自由主义民族主义对家... 2018-03-19 10:48  1人喜欢 这是第二部分的标题,忠诚(Solidarity)与团结 (Allegiance)。这一部分中,作者所要回应的问题是:在一部分人看来,单靠正义就能够使得公民对自身所属的国家或同胞产生特定的义务(有别对一切正义国家的一般义务),这一点是存疑的。因而,自由主义的民族主义做出了这样一种论断,即为了这种特别的忠诚,公民之间需要文化认同来维系团结,而这弥补了正义的缺憾。而作者所要批评的就是这种论断。而作为自由主义民族主义对家的宪政爱国主义,作者也给出了一定的辩护,但她认为,哈贝马斯的理论对于公民团结的论证还可以更为完善,而这正是她自己所提出的观点,即作为集体行动的民主。【1】卢梭关于公民团结的论述作者先分析了卢梭对于这一问题的理论,并且指出,就如何培养公民团结这一问题,卢梭的回答是摇摆不定的。一方面,他提出了作者所谓的自由模式(freedom modal这一模式在《爱弥儿》中得到了集中体现),在此模式之下,可以培养出一个自由独立的、能够反思的公民,另一方面,卢梭在其他作品中(诸如《论波兰政府》,《致达朗贝尔的信》等)提出了另一种模式,即文化模式(culture model),强调通过标记、游戏、艺术等方式唤起公民的认同感。但是,文化模式的固有缺陷不可避免: When compatriots relate to one another purely as bearers of cultural traits, they are incapable of acquaintance with, and knowledge of, each other’s actual needs and interests in their full specificity. Although the introduction of ascriptive characteristics does allow us to concretely imagine our compatriots, then, it also leads us to misimagine them at the same time. And this misimagination has negative implications for a politics of freedom and autonomy.(P117,*页码为原书,下同)作者重点阐述的是自由模式:The main argument of Rousseau’s freedom model is that once a citizen is educated to understand the role played by democratic institutions in securing his civil freedom, he will reflectively identify with his political institutions and his compatriots, and show concern for their interests as a matter of course.(P117)进一步地,作者又仔细分析了卢梭理论当中的积极自尊、反思性认同等关键。她认为,自尊是中性的,它是建立道德情感的基础,但同时也激起竞争甚至奴役,因而需要良好的运用(即在平等环境中),使得它能够搭建起公民对于他人的关怀与尊重。And indeed, he indicates that there is one kind of relationship in which amour propre is certain to be expressed not as a drive to domination but instead as a benevolent sentiment that can create bonds of attachment among human beings. The relation of social equality, he claims, turns amour propre to good account. Equality does this by focusing our attentions, not on our superiority to others, but rather on “our common miseries,” which “turn[s] our hearts to humanity” (E, 221).(P124)而反思性认同,是跳出自然激情的、精神上而非身体上的认同。Rousseau’s account of reflective identification as the expression of amour propre under conditions of equality provides, I believe, precisely the kind of moral psychology necessary to the proper formulation of a general will, on the freedom model.(P129)【2】爱国主义与民族主义在这一章中,作者比较了两种对立的观点,一方是自由主义的民族主义,另一方则是以哈贝马斯为代表的宪政爱国主义。作者首先批判了自由主义的民族主义;其次指出了哈贝马斯理论中的缺陷。自由主义的民族主义的基本观点是,民主主义是自由主义正义理论的一个重要构成元素,并提出了两个基本观点;但这两个基本观点为作者所反驳。观点1:民族文化是实现个人自主的一个重要先决条件。反驳:民族文化的内在价值的论证混淆了一个区分。it equivocates between rightly acknowledging the need for some kind of society and culture in which autonomous individuals can develop to maturity and exercise their capacity for choice, and the claim that the only kind of society that can fit the bill is a national culture, one marked by the “objective commonalities” of language, shared history, myths, and territory.(P141,这句话翻译得不是很好)观点2:民族主义是一个自由主义正义理论的重要补充(理由见上);并且能够解释有限分配正义、政治义务、移民限制等问题。反驳:(简略)我们对于成员之间的义务并不取决于我们的主观解读,其次我移民并不意味着我背叛了对于同胞的特殊义务。除了上面的规范性论述,自由主义的民族主义还诉诸民族主义的激励作用。但这个作用也不是必然的。而作者对宪政爱国主义的看法是,宪政爱国主义可以从自由主义的民族主义对其所提出的批评中解脱出来,但作者认为自己能够做卢梭-哈贝马斯的基础之上给出一个更为有力的补充。—T.B.C— 这是第二部分的标题,忠诚(Solidarity)与团结 (Allegiance)。这一部分中,作者所要回应的问题是:在一部分人看来,单靠正义就能够使得公民对自身所属的国家或同胞产生特定的义务(有别对一切正义国家的一般义务),这一点是存疑的。因而,自由主义的民族主义做出了这样一种论断,即为了这种特别的忠诚,公民之间需要文化认同来维系团结,而这弥补了正义的缺憾。而作者所要批评的就是这种论断。 而作为自由主义民族主义对家... 2018-03-19 10:48  1人喜欢 这是第二部分的标题,忠诚(Solidarity)与团结 (Allegiance)。这一部分中,作者所要回应的问题是:在一部分人看来,单靠正义就能够使得公民对自身所属的国家或同胞产生特定的义务(有别对一切正义国家的一般义务),这一点是存疑的。因而,自由主义的民族主义做出了这样一种论断,即为了这种特别的忠诚,公民之间需要文化认同来维系团结,而这弥补了正义的缺憾。而作者所要批评的就是这种论断。而作为自由主义民族主义对家的宪政爱国主义,作者也给出了一定的辩护,但她认为,哈贝马斯的理论对于公民团结的论证还可以更为完善,而这正是她自己所提出的观点,即作为集体行动的民主。【1】卢梭关于公民团结的论述作者先分析了卢梭对于这一问题的理论,并且指出,就如何培养公民团结这一问题,卢梭的回答是摇摆不定的。一方面,他提出了作者所谓的自由模式(freedom modal这一模式在《爱弥儿》中得到了集中体现),在此模式之下,可以培养出一个自由独立的、能够反思的公民,另一方面,卢梭在其他作品中(诸如《论波兰政府》,《致达朗贝尔的信》等)提出了另一种模式,即文化模式(culture model),强调通过标记、游戏、艺术等方式唤起公民的认同感。但是,文化模式的固有缺陷不可避免: When compatriots relate to one another purely as bearers of cultural traits, they are incapable of acquaintance with, and knowledge of, each other’s actual needs and interests in their full specificity. Although the introduction of ascriptive characteristics does allow us to concretely imagine our compatriots, then, it also leads us to misimagine them at the same time. And this misimagination has negative implications for a politics of freedom and autonomy.(P117,*页码为原书,下同)作者重点阐述的是自由模式:The main argument of Rousseau’s freedom model is that once a citizen is educated to understand the role played by democratic institutions in securing his civil freedom, he will reflectively identify with his political institutions and his compatriots, and show concern for their interests as a matter of course.(P117)进一步地,作者又仔细分析了卢梭理论当中的积极自尊、反思性认同等关键。她认为,自尊是中性的,它是建立道德情感的基础,但同时也激起竞争甚至奴役,因而需要良好的运用(即在平等环境中),使得它能够搭建起公民对于他人的关怀与尊重。And indeed, he indicates that there is one kind of relationship in which amour propre is certain to be expressed not as a drive to domination but instead as a benevolent sentiment that can create bonds of attachment among human beings. The relation of social equality, he claims, turns amour propre to good account. Equality does this by focusing our attentions, not on our superiority to others, but rather on “our common miseries,” which “turn[s] our hearts to humanity” (E, 221).(P124)而反思性认同,是跳出自然激情的、精神上而非身体上的认同。Rousseau’s account of reflective identification as the expression of amour propre under conditions of equality provides, I believe, precisely the kind of moral psychology necessary to the proper formulation of a general will, on the freedom model.(P129)【2】爱国主义与民族主义在这一章中,作者比较了两种对立的观点,一方是自由主义的民族主义,另一方则是以哈贝马斯为代表的宪政爱国主义。作者首先批判了自由主义的民族主义;其次指出了哈贝马斯理论中的缺陷。自由主义的民族主义的基本观点是,民主主义是自由主义正义理论的一个重要构成元素,并提出了两个基本观点;但这两个基本观点为作者所反驳。观点1:民族文化是实现个人自主的一个重要先决条件。反驳:民族文化的内在价值的论证混淆了一个区分。it equivocates between rightly acknowledging the need for some kind of society and culture in which autonomous individuals can develop to maturity and exercise their capacity for choice, and the claim that the only kind of society that can fit the bill is a national culture, one marked by the “objective commonalities” of language, shared history, myths, and territory.(P141,这句话翻译得不是很好)观点2:民族主义是一个自由主义正义理论的重要补充(理由见上);并且能够解释有限分配正义、政治义务、移民限制等问题。反驳:(简略)我们对于成员之间的义务并不取决于我们的主观解读,其次我移民并不意味着我背叛了对于同胞的特殊义务。除了上面的规范性论述,自由主义的民族主义还诉诸民族主义的激励作用。但这个作用也不是必然的。而作者对宪政爱国主义的看法是,宪政爱国主义可以从自由主义的民族主义对其所提出的批评中解脱出来,但作者认为自己能够做卢梭-哈贝马斯的基础之上给出一个更为有力的补充。—T.B.C— “平等自由(Equal freedom)与国家”是第一部分的标题。在这一部分,作者所要解决的问题是:如何从自由主义的角度为特殊性假定辩护(The Particularity Assumption)。所谓特殊性假定,指的是: a special bond or obligation that ties the citizen or resident to her state, and to her compatriots, and not to others, and requires her to support these people and these institutions and not others.(P6* 原书页码,... 2018-03-18 13:11  3人喜欢 “平等自由(Equal freedom)与国家”是第一部分的标题。在这一部分,作者所要解决的问题是:如何从自由主义的角度为特殊性假定辩护(The Particularity Assumption)。所谓特殊性假定,指的是:a special bond or obligation that ties the citizen or resident to her state, and to her compatriots, and not to others, and requires her to support these people and these institutions and not others.(P6* 原书页码,下同)这一观点受到了普世主义者的挑战,他们认为,我们所拥有的自由平等权利,不会国别、种族、区域而受限;国家的界限并不构成对正义的限制。我们生为哪国哪族人,仅仅是一个原始事实(brute fact),并不具备任何道德意义,因此,强调对特定群体的特殊义务就意味着在人与人之间任意做出区别。自由主义的民族主义者虽然提出了辩护,但是这种辩护在作者看来并不是一个真正的自由主义辩护。作者指出:On the one hand, they could concede (with the cosmopolitans) that the moral principles on which liberalism is based should apply globally to all individuals, without reference to their geographical location, and therefore that special obligations to our own states and compatriots are in fact morally unjustifiable. This would save the liberal claim to moral universalism, but at the expense of adopting the cosmopolitan position. On the other hand, traditional liberals could admit that democratic institutions tacitly presuppose a cultural nation, which provides the real demarcating criterion for who may and who may not belong, and defines the group of persons to whom we have political obligations. This would save the particularity assumption, but at the expense of betraying liberal universalist background principles.(P19)而她所要做的,就是基于康德和卢梭的理论,为特殊性假定做出辩护。辩护主要分为两个部分,一是权威(Authority),来回应无政府主义者/普遍主义者的挑战;二是民主,即用卢梭的观点来解决康德的国家理论所不能弥补的问题。【1】Authority这一部分内容的线索是是由对西蒙斯(Simmons)的批判而展开的。基于一种洛克式的权利观点,西蒙斯指出,就个人财产的确认来说,个人没必要非得进入国家;国家就如同一个保险公司,它固然能够很好地维护你的利益,但这并不意味着你就一定要接受这笔保险。Because he thinks that human beings would be equally free without the state, simply by acting on their duties of interpersonal morality, Simmons believes there is only one morally acceptable way in which such states might come to have the rights to direct and coerce them characteristic of political authority: namely, through the voluntary consent of these individuals.……Simmons rejects any appeal to the brute fact of our membership in certain institutional schemes as a justification for our having obligations to those schemes. “Since being born into a political community is neither an act we perform, nor the result of a decision we have made,” argues Simmons, “we feel that this should not limit our freedom by automatically binding us to the government of that community.”(P30)如此一来,我们自然也就没有必要承担对国家的义务。但作者认为,保险公司的比喻是不恰当的。她所要确立的观点是:equal freedom cannot be defined or made determinate without state authority, and therefore that justice, when rightly understood, must commit us to accepting the authority of legitimate states.(P28)而作者的给出的论述大致概括如下:1) 基本预设:equal freedom synonymously with justice:2) 基本区分:康德和西蒙斯都认可独立自由(freedom as independence);To be free-as-independent, as all these thinkers conceive it, is not to be forced to obey the will of another person; it is to enjoy a sphere of independent self-government within which others cannot interfere. This notion of freedom is thus particularly concerned with the relationships between persons.(P37)康德进而区分了两种自由,内在的形而上的自由(internal or metaphysical freedom)和外在自由(external freedom defined by the individual’s capacity to set and pursue ends in the outside world, by acting)。在此基础之上,康德又分出两种不同的权利,与生俱来的内在权利和必须获得的外在权利(rights that belong to us innately and those we must acquire)。有三种既得权利(acquired rights),而三种权利都是由国家确保的。3)私人之间所确立的财产权利必然会损害独立自由;权利的确定必须是客观的,不能基于主观解读。在自然状态下,私人权利的确立离不开个人对权利的解读— 个人的单方解读意味着,在双方有冲突时,一个人必须要服从于另一个人的权威— 服从的结果:损害每个个体作为主体平等自由个人的独立性/不服从的结果:靠武力化解— 因此,权利必须诉诸公法裁决。4)我们在道德上有必要进入国家。Since our natural duties to others already require us to respect their freedom as independence, and since, because of the problems of unilateral private interpretation and enforcement, the state is necessary for that purpose, we have a natural duty to enter the state.(54)5) 更进一步,Justice is a necessarily institutional value.Justice, as we have seen, could not possibly be secured by our private actions, even if we act in good faith and try to carry out our moral duties. This is because no matter how benevolent and well disposed human beings are, the structure of an extra-institutional situation always gives other persons a form of coercive private control over us that is in contradiction to freedom, since others retain the power to interfere with our choices unilaterally and at will.(P56)【2】Democracy然而,如果我们认可了国家在道德上的重要性,接受了它作为我们的政治权威,那么我们希望这个权威能够保障我们基本的自由权利不受损害;如果这个国家不是一个自由民主的国家,根本无从保障我们的自由与平等,我们为何要负有对其忠诚的义务呢?作者认为,康德的理论并没有解决好这个问题,但这一问题可以诉诸卢梭的社会契约论。也就是说,如果我们要接受一个政治权威,那么就一定接受一个能够保障自由平等的权威——这个权威能够为自由划出界限但并不支配我们,不会剥夺我们的自由人格;卢梭的公意就是这样一种权威。接下来,作者通过对公意、公共利益、交出自由权利等社会契约论中的经典问题的论述,来阐述我们如何能够寻找到一个合法的政治权威。实际上,对于这一点,可以直接跳回到卢梭在《社会契约论》中的论述上去:为什么公共意志永远正确。【3】Political Obligation and Justice在这一章中,作者先重申了前两章的观点,紧接着进入一个具体问题的讨论。如果我们按照卢梭的观点,只接受一个合法权威,那么在现实中,我们如何判断这个政治权威是否合法呢?首先,无论是Raz或是Hobbes都提到了一个观点,即使政治权威在某些方面出现了错误,也不影响到它继续发挥作用——除非,它已经破坏了最低限度。If it requires anything, it must require at least these minimal guarantees.(P91)那么这些最低标准包括那些呢?I think it is best to see bodily inviolability; property; freedom of conscience, movement, and expression; equal treatment before the law; and subsistence as minimal “Kantian” criteria for the guarantee of our equal right to freedom as independence. No state that does not meet at least these conditions is reasonably interpretable as a freedom-guaranteeing state, simply because its laws do not guarantee even the “core” content of equal freedom.(P93)……Rousseau goes beyond Kant, however, in adding a set of procedural requirements on legitimacy: he says that any just state must be a democratic state, since only a democratic state can impose laws in a nondominating way, and without subjecting us to the private will of another. …Citizens in general must be disposed to manifest a concern with the freedom and well-being of all their compatriots, and not simply with a partial subset of the citizenry, if the laws they produce are to be legitimate.(P94)——关于全球正义的部分,略。 这是第二部分的标题,忠诚(Solidarity)与团结 (Allegiance)。这一部分中,作者所要回应的问题是:在一部分人看来,单靠正义就能够使得公民对自身所属的国家或同胞产生特定的义务(有别对一切正义国家的一般义务),这一点是存疑的。因而,自由主义的民族主义做出了这样一种论断,即为了这种特别的忠诚,公民之间需要文化认同来维系团结,而这弥补了正义的缺憾。而作者所要批评的就是这种论断。 而作为自由主义民族主义对家... 2018-03-19 10:48  1人喜欢 这是第二部分的标题,忠诚(Solidarity)与团结 (Allegiance)。这一部分中,作者所要回应的问题是:在一部分人看来,单靠正义就能够使得公民对自身所属的国家或同胞产生特定的义务(有别对一切正义国家的一般义务),这一点是存疑的。因而,自由主义的民族主义做出了这样一种论断,即为了这种特别的忠诚,公民之间需要文化认同来维系团结,而这弥补了正义的缺憾。而作者所要批评的就是这种论断。而作为自由主义民族主义对家的宪政爱国主义,作者也给出了一定的辩护,但她认为,哈贝马斯的理论对于公民团结的论证还可以更为完善,而这正是她自己所提出的观点,即作为集体行动的民主。【1】卢梭关于公民团结的论述作者先分析了卢梭对于这一问题的理论,并且指出,就如何培养公民团结这一问题,卢梭的回答是摇摆不定的。一方面,他提出了作者所谓的自由模式(freedom modal这一模式在《爱弥儿》中得到了集中体现),在此模式之下,可以培养出一个自由独立的、能够反思的公民,另一方面,卢梭在其他作品中(诸如《论波兰政府》,《致达朗贝尔的信》等)提出了另一种模式,即文化模式(culture model),强调通过标记、游戏、艺术等方式唤起公民的认同感。但是,文化模式的固有缺陷不可避免: When compatriots relate to one another purely as bearers of cultural traits, they are incapable of acquaintance with, and knowledge of, each other’s actual needs and interests in their full specificity. Although the introduction of ascriptive characteristics does allow us to concretely imagine our compatriots, then, it also leads us to misimagine them at the same time. And this misimagination has negative implications for a politics of freedom and autonomy.(P117,*页码为原书,下同)作者重点阐述的是自由模式:The main argument of Rousseau’s freedom model is that once a citizen is educated to understand the role played by democratic institutions in securing his civil freedom, he will reflectively identify with his political institutions and his compatriots, and show concern for their interests as a matter of course.(P117)进一步地,作者又仔细分析了卢梭理论当中的积极自尊、反思性认同等关键。她认为,自尊是中性的,它是建立道德情感的基础,但同时也激起竞争甚至奴役,因而需要良好的运用(即在平等环境中),使得它能够搭建起公民对于他人的关怀与尊重。And indeed, he indicates that there is one kind of relationship in which amour propre is certain to be expressed not as a drive to domination but instead as a benevolent sentiment that can create bonds of attachment among human beings. The relation of social equality, he claims, turns amour propre to good account. Equality does this by focusing our attentions, not on our superiority to others, but rather on “our common miseries,” which “turn[s] our hearts to humanity” (E, 221).(P124)而反思性认同,是跳出自然激情的、精神上而非身体上的认同。Rousseau’s account of reflective identification as the expression of amour propre under conditions of equality provides, I believe, precisely the kind of moral psychology necessary to the proper formulation of a general will, on the freedom model.(P129)【2】爱国主义与民族主义在这一章中,作者比较了两种对立的观点,一方是自由主义的民族主义,另一方则是以哈贝马斯为代表的宪政爱国主义。作者首先批判了自由主义的民族主义;其次指出了哈贝马斯理论中的缺陷。自由主义的民族主义的基本观点是,民主主义是自由主义正义理论的一个重要构成元素,并提出了两个基本观点;但这两个基本观点为作者所反驳。观点1:民族文化是实现个人自主的一个重要先决条件。反驳:民族文化的内在价值的论证混淆了一个区分。it equivocates between rightly acknowledging the need for some kind of society and culture in which autonomous individuals can develop to maturity and exercise their capacity for choice, and the claim that the only kind of society that can fit the bill is a national culture, one marked by the “objective commonalities” of language, shared history, myths, and territory.(P141,这句话翻译得不是很好)观点2:民族主义是一个自由主义正义理论的重要补充(理由见上);并且能够解释有限分配正义、政治义务、移民限制等问题。反驳:(简略)我们对于成员之间的义务并不取决于我们的主观解读,其次我移民并不意味着我背叛了对于同胞的特殊义务。除了上面的规范性论述,自由主义的民族主义还诉诸民族主义的激励作用。但这个作用也不是必然的。而作者对宪政爱国主义的看法是,宪政爱国主义可以从自由主义的民族主义对其所提出的批评中解脱出来,但作者认为自己能够做卢梭-哈贝马斯的基础之上给出一个更为有力的补充。—T.B.C— “平等自由(Equal freedom)与国家”是第一部分的标题。在这一部分,作者所要解决的问题是:如何从自由主义的角度为特殊性假定辩护(The Particularity Assumption)。所谓特殊性假定,指的是: a special bond or obligation that ties the citizen or resident to her state, and to her compatriots, and not to others, and requires her to support these people and these institutions and not others.(P6* 原书页码,... 2018-03-18 13:11  3人喜欢 “平等自由(Equal freedom)与国家”是第一部分的标题。在这一部分,作者所要解决的问题是:如何从自由主义的角度为特殊性假定辩护(The Particularity Assumption)。所谓特殊性假定,指的是:a special bond or obligation that ties the citizen or resident to her state, and to her compatriots, and not to others, and requires her to support these people and these institutions and not others.(P6* 原书页码,下同)这一观点受到了普世主义者的挑战,他们认为,我们所拥有的自由平等权利,不会国别、种族、区域而受限;国家的界限并不构成对正义的限制。我们生为哪国哪族人,仅仅是一个原始事实(brute fact),并不具备任何道德意义,因此,强调对特定群体的特殊义务就意味着在人与人之间任意做出区别。自由主义的民族主义者虽然提出了辩护,但是这种辩护在作者看来并不是一个真正的自由主义辩护。作者指出:On the one hand, they could concede (with the cosmopolitans) that the moral principles on which liberalism is based should apply globally to all individuals, without reference to their geographical location, and therefore that special obligations to our own states and compatriots are in fact morally unjustifiable. This would save the liberal claim to moral universalism, but at the expense of adopting the cosmopolitan position. On the other hand, traditional liberals could admit that democratic institutions tacitly presuppose a cultural nation, which provides the real demarcating criterion for who may and who may not belong, and defines the group of persons to whom we have political obligations. This would save the particularity assumption, but at the expense of betraying liberal universalist background principles.(P19)而她所要做的,就是基于康德和卢梭的理论,为特殊性假定做出辩护。辩护主要分为两个部分,一是权威(Authority),来回应无政府主义者/普遍主义者的挑战;二是民主,即用卢梭的观点来解决康德的国家理论所不能弥补的问题。【1】Authority这一部分内容的线索是是由对西蒙斯(Simmons)的批判而展开的。基于一种洛克式的权利观点,西蒙斯指出,就个人财产的确认来说,个人没必要非得进入国家;国家就如同一个保险公司,它固然能够很好地维护你的利益,但这并不意味着你就一定要接受这笔保险。Because he thinks that human beings would be equally free without the state, simply by acting on their duties of interpersonal morality, Simmons believes there is only one morally acceptable way in which such states might come to have the rights to direct and coerce them characteristic of political authority: namely, through the voluntary consent of these individuals.……Simmons rejects any appeal to the brute fact of our membership in certain institutional schemes as a justification for our having obligations to those schemes. “Since being born into a political community is neither an act we perform, nor the result of a decision we have made,” argues Simmons, “we feel that this should not limit our freedom by automatically binding us to the government of that community.”(P30)如此一来,我们自然也就没有必要承担对国家的义务。但作者认为,保险公司的比喻是不恰当的。她所要确立的观点是:equal freedom cannot be defined or made determinate without state authority, and therefore that justice, when rightly understood, must commit us to accepting the authority of legitimate states.(P28)而作者的给出的论述大致概括如下:1) 基本预设:equal freedom synonymously with justice:2) 基本区分:康德和西蒙斯都认可独立自由(freedom as independence);To be free-as-independent, as all these thinkers conceive it, is not to be forced to obey the will of another person; it is to enjoy a sphere of independent self-government within which others cannot interfere. This notion of freedom is thus particularly concerned with the relationships between persons.(P37)康德进而区分了两种自由,内在的形而上的自由(internal or metaphysical freedom)和外在自由(external freedom defined by the individual’s capacity to set and pursue ends in the outside world, by acting)。在此基础之上,康德又分出两种不同的权利,与生俱来的内在权利和必须获得的外在权利(rights that belong to us innately and those we must acquire)。有三种既得权利(acquired rights),而三种权利都是由国家确保的。3)私人之间所确立的财产权利必然会损害独立自由;权利的确定必须是客观的,不能基于主观解读。在自然状态下,私人权利的确立离不开个人对权利的解读— 个人的单方解读意味着,在双方有冲突时,一个人必须要服从于另一个人的权威— 服从的结果:损害每个个体作为主体平等自由个人的独立性/不服从的结果:靠武力化解— 因此,权利必须诉诸公法裁决。4)我们在道德上有必要进入国家。Since our natural duties to others already require us to respect their freedom as independence, and since, because of the problems of unilateral private interpretation and enforcement, the state is necessary for that purpose, we have a natural duty to enter the state.(54)5) 更进一步,Justice is a necessarily institutional value.Justice, as we have seen, could not possibly be secured by our private actions, even if we act in good faith and try to carry out our moral duties. This is because no matter how benevolent and well disposed human beings are, the structure of an extra-institutional situation always gives other persons a form of coercive private control over us that is in contradiction to freedom, since others retain the power to interfere with our choices unilaterally and at will.(P56)【2】Democracy然而,如果我们认可了国家在道德上的重要性,接受了它作为我们的政治权威,那么我们希望这个权威能够保障我们基本的自由权利不受损害;如果这个国家不是一个自由民主的国家,根本无从保障我们的自由与平等,我们为何要负有对其忠诚的义务呢?作者认为,康德的理论并没有解决好这个问题,但这一问题可以诉诸卢梭的社会契约论。也就是说,如果我们要接受一个政治权威,那么就一定接受一个能够保障自由平等的权威——这个权威能够为自由划出界限但并不支配我们,不会剥夺我们的自由人格;卢梭的公意就是这样一种权威。接下来,作者通过对公意、公共利益、交出自由权利等社会契约论中的经典问题的论述,来阐述我们如何能够寻找到一个合法的政治权威。实际上,对于这一点,可以直接跳回到卢梭在《社会契约论》中的论述上去:为什么公共意志永远正确。【3】Political Obligation and Justice在这一章中,作者先重申了前两章的观点,紧接着进入一个具体问题的讨论。如果我们按照卢梭的观点,只接受一个合法权威,那么在现实中,我们如何判断这个政治权威是否合法呢?首先,无论是Raz或是Hobbes都提到了一个观点,即使政治权威在某些方面出现了错误,也不影响到它继续发挥作用——除非,它已经破坏了最低限度。If it requires anything, it must require at least these minimal guarantees.(P91)那么这些最低标准包括那些呢?I think it is best to see bodily inviolability; property; freedom of conscience, movement, and expression; equal treatment before the law; and subsistence as minimal “Kantian” criteria for the guarantee of our equal right to freedom as independence. No state that does not meet at least these conditions is reasonably interpretable as a freedom-guaranteeing state, simply because its laws do not guarantee even the “core” content of equal freedom.(P93)……Rousseau goes beyond Kant, however, in adding a set of procedural requirements on legitimacy: he says that any just state must be a democratic state, since only a democratic state can impose laws in a nondominating way, and without subjecting us to the private will of another. …Citizens in general must be disposed to manifest a concern with the freedom and well-being of all their compatriots, and not simply with a partial subset of the citizenry, if the laws they produce are to be legitimate.(P94)——关于全球正义的部分,略。
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